{"id":262,"date":"2018-04-23T09:19:51","date_gmt":"2018-04-23T08:19:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/theoneplanetlife.com\/?p=262"},"modified":"2018-04-23T09:19:51","modified_gmt":"2018-04-23T08:19:51","slug":"has-the-world-reached-peak-ecological-footprint","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theoneplanetlife.com\/cy\/has-the-world-reached-peak-ecological-footprint\/","title":{"rendered":"Has the world reached peak ecological footprint?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Humanity\u2019s ecological footprint may have leveled off after decades of consistent increase, according to new data released last week by the Global Footprint Network.<\/b><\/p>\n

Mathis Wackernagel, founder and CEO of Global Footprint Network, speaking in an interview with me from Oxford University just before the launch, said, “We may have reached peak eco-footprint, after years of expansion. For example, China underwent a rapid expansion of its footprint, and now it has flattened. This could be a real trend.”<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
\"Graph<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Peak consumption? In 1961 China was consuming the equivalent of 0.31
\nEarths of biocapacity, but since then rocketed to 2.21 Earths, where it
\nhas sat for the last two years of data.<\/i><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n

What is ecological footprint?<\/h2>\n

Ecological footprint is a shorthand way of understanding the relationship between our consumption of resources and the capacity of the planet to provide them and absorb the pollution we cause.<\/p>\n

Every individual, a community or nation has their own ecological footprint. It is the biologically productive space needed to renew all that we demand from nature. For the world as a whole, it was in the early 1970s when humanity started consuming more than the planet could regenerate. From then on we have been in deficit, implying that we cannot carry on consuming at this level without ever-stronger risk of ecological crises.<\/p>\n

Global Footprint Network has been providing this country and planetary level data for many years but last week\u2019s launch also saw the launch of a new data platform and an open source system, meaning that anyone can now freely explore and interrogate the data on global or national bases.<\/p>\n

The new data<\/a> is compiled from statistics provided by the United Nations and, being complicated to collect, is always three or four years behind the current year. The first year in which the data was collected was 1961. The new website currently provides time series of data for every year between 1961 and 2014.<\/p>\n

This is what the world\u2019s ecological footprint looks like over this period:<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
\"the<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
From 1961 to 2014 we have gone from exploiting 0.63 Earth-equivalents to 1.69, approximately flatlining for four years.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The horizontal line represents the total biocapacity of the planet. Before about 1970 we had ecological reserves to spare. Ever since then our ecological deficit has been rising. But it is noticeable that since about 2011 the rate of increase has levelled off.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t know whether or not this is a blip or a trend. It is too early to say,\u201d Wackernagel said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"Mathis<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mathis Wackernagel<\/i><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u201cBut even if we stayed at the same level as last year, we\u2019d still be in a severe global storm. So the question is, how good is your boat? For instance, even though India has a small per person footprint on average, it is still larger than what their ecosystems can renew. While this may be unfair, the reality is that this puts them at significant risk \u2013 and ignoring it at even larger.\u201d<\/p>\n

Individual country data compares consumption data to biocapacity data. What Wackernagel is referring to here is that India, despite having a total per capita footprint of 0.67 Earth-equivalents, is in deficit in relation to what it is able to supply itself to feed its consumption, and is therefore using biocapacity from other countries to fuel its rapid pace of development.<\/p>\n

The data is compiled from UN information on population and the amount of built-up land, carbon emissions, cropland, fishing grounds, forest products and grazing land.<\/p>\n

For the world as a whole, the peak was in 2011. It is interesting to compare the statistics for 1961, 2011 and 2014 to see what has changed to cause this overall peaking:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Year<\/b><\/td>\nBuilt-up land<\/b><\/td>\nCarbon emissions<\/b><\/td>\nCropland<\/b><\/td>\nFishing grounds<\/b><\/td>\nForest products<\/b><\/td>\nGrazing land<\/b><\/td>\nTotal<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1961<\/b><\/td>\n0.026<\/td>\n1.005<\/td>\n0.465<\/td>\n0.096<\/td>\n0.431<\/td>\n0.265<\/td>\n2.288<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2011<\/b><\/td>\n0.061<\/td>\n1.779<\/td>\n0.533<\/td>\n0.087<\/td>\n0.281<\/td>\n0.147<\/td>\n2.888<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/b><\/td>\n0.064<\/td>\n1.707<\/td>\n0.550<\/td>\n0.093<\/td>\n0.278<\/td>\n0.144<\/td>\n2.835<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"The<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The world\u2019s ecological footprint per person in 1961, 2011 and 2014. The units are global
\nhectares (gha) \u2013 these are a biologically productive hectare with world
\naverage productivity for a given year, to account for the fact that
\ndifferent land types have different productivities.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The amount of built-up land has steadily increased over the entire period, but carbon emissions have recently slightly decreased. While the amount of fishing grounds, forest products and grazing land have all continued to decline, the amount of cultivated land is almost back to the level of 1961.<\/p>\n

Biocapacity is also shrinking quite rapidly per person, so even though per person ecological footprint has not changed that much, its ratio to biocapacity has become ever more unfavourable.<\/p>\n

This implies pressures on biodiversity. It does not tell us about the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution caused by this increase in agriculture. For this we have to look for other statistics not covered by the ecological footprint metric, but covered by a different metric \u2013 planetary boundaries, collated annually by the Stockholm Resilience Centre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Planetary<\/a><\/div>\n

As can be seen in the above diagram this is one of the four boundaries that have been exceeded.<\/p>\n

Australia and the UK<\/h2>\n

The website<\/a> allows anyone to play with the data. Let\u2019s compare, for example, the ecological footprints of Australia and the UK.<\/p>\n

Australia is using the resources of 4.09 Earths, down from a peak of 5.15 Earths in 2011.<\/p>\n

The UK is using the resources of 2.85 Earths, down from a peak of 3.55 Earths in 2011.<\/p>\n

In addition, both of these countries\u2019 ecological footprints of consumption (in global hectares divided by population) have declined slightly since their peaks, in 2008 and 2007 respectively:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"Australia's<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n<\/span><\/i>
\nAustralia’s ecological footprint in terms of the number of Earths needed to sustain it, if everyone on the planet had the same level and impact of consumption as Australia does.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
\"UK's<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The UK<\/i><\/span>‘s ecological footprint, pictured the same way. The UK’s has reduced since the financial crisis of 2007.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the UK\u2019s case, if we drill down to the category level, the reason for the fall is solely a reduction in carbon emissions (which is largely due to a switch for gas to coal-powered electricity generation, but also due to a cut in fishing grounds due to previous over-fishing). The area of built-up land has just over doubled since 1961:<\/p>\n

UK time series:<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Year<\/b><\/td>\nBuilt-up land<\/b><\/td>\nCarbon emissions<\/b><\/td>\nCropland<\/b><\/td>\nFishing grounds<\/b><\/td>\nForest products<\/b><\/td>\nGrazing land<\/b><\/td>\nTotal<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1961<\/b><\/td>\n0.068<\/td>\n3.835<\/td>\n0.803<\/td>\n0.396<\/td>\n0.297<\/td>\n0.751<\/td>\n6.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2007<\/b><\/td>\n0.139<\/td>\n4.240<\/td>\n0.815<\/td>\n0.103<\/td>\n0.623<\/td>\n0.324<\/td>\n6.245<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/b><\/td>\n0.156<\/td>\n2.996<\/td>\n0.832<\/td>\n0.082<\/td>\n0.483<\/td>\n0.250<\/td>\n4.799<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"UK<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
UK’s ecological footprints in 1961, 2007 and 2014.<\/i><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In Australia\u2019s case, again there was a decline in carbon emissions. The area of built-up land has almost tripled since 1961:<\/p>\n

Australia time series:<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Year<\/b><\/td>\nBuilt-up land<\/b><\/td>\nCarbon emissions<\/b><\/td>\nCropland<\/b><\/td>\nFishing grounds<\/b><\/td>\nForest products<\/b><\/td>\nGrazing land<\/b><\/td>\nTotal<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1961<\/b><\/td>\n0.024<\/td>\n3.026<\/td>\n0.527<\/td>\n0.049<\/td>\n1.031<\/td>\n2.813<\/td>\n7.471<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2008<\/b><\/td>\n0.047<\/td>\n5.867<\/td>\n0.872<\/td>\n0.127<\/td>\n1.206<\/td>\n0.872<\/td>\n8.992<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/b><\/td>\n0.063<\/td>\n4.700<\/td>\n0.679<\/td>\n0.122<\/td>\n0.863<\/td>\n0.458<\/td>\n6.886<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"Australia's<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Australia’s ecological footprints in 1961, 2007 and 2014.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Other trends are not improving, however.<\/p>\n

What can be done?<\/h2>\n

Despite the levelling out, Wackernagel remains alarmed by humanity\u2019s unsustainable activities.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople don\u2019t look at this stuff. Instead, they\u2019re buoyant about labour productivity, but this came about because of cheap energy and resources. Now we need to maintain our quality of life but reduce resource use.\u201d<\/p>\n

But he sees a way out.<\/p>\n

\u201cTotal and ever-lasting decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption is not possible. Some may be possible. But it takes resources to run an economy. Our data shows how the resource dependence of most countries have increased, even though we have more efficient technology. For instance, we can calculate the average resource intensity in the world \u2013 or nations or cities \u2013 by sectors. This points out which sectors are within resource intensities that are consistent with the one-planet budget, and which ones are on a collision course.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cities are beginning to employ ecological footprinting methods to track the demand on nature of different types of development. To do this other sources of data are added to those on the website.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are starting work with six cities in Portugal. We are also in conversation with the Wuppertal Institute, Germany, to run a campaign on all the larger German cities and drive up demand for sustainable solutions,\u201d Wackernagel said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey recognise there is a danger of stranded assets due to having exceeded planetary boundaries.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe framing of the argument is important. The ecological footprint calculator may come over as negative, generating a sense of sacrifice and suffering. We should ask: what is the best move to secure lasting development improvements for us? The alternative \u2013 encouraging expansionism \u2013 is dangerous.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cities can use their own detailed information, he says, to compile a \u201cconsumption land use matrix for a city\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis details how various consumption activities contribute to the overall demand. Then, using local consumption statistics, this can be extended into the past and future to evaluate trends in the city\u2019s resource performance.\u201d<\/p>\n

This has been done already in Calgary, Canada, where consultants worked with a planning department to reduce the level of impact of a new housing development.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n

The ecological footprint is a useful tool alongside other tools. Although time will tell whether the impact of human consumption on the planet has peaked, it is still at an unsustainable level. It will take much work to actually reverse the rise of the last decades to a sustainable one, especially given the inexorable rise of human population and urbanisation.<\/p>\n

David Thorpe is the author of <\/b>The One Planet Life<\/b><\/a>, about living within planetary boundaries, <\/b>Passive Solar Architecture Pocket Reference<\/b><\/a>a <\/b>Adnewyddu Cartrefi yn Gynaliadwy<\/b><\/a>.<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Humanity\u2019s ecological footprint may have leveled off after decades of consistent increase, according to new data released last week by the Global Footprint Network. Mathis Wackernagel, founder and CEO of Global Footprint Network, speaking in an interview with me from… Continue Reading →<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8HWPV-4e","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":126,"url":"https:\/\/theoneplanetlife.com\/cy\/welsh-government-aims-for-one-planet-wales-by-2050\/","url_meta":{"origin":262,"position":0},"title":"Welsh government aims for One Planet Wales by 2050","date":"12\/08\/2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The Welsh government has confirmed its commitments to achieving its\u00a0goal that the ecological footprint of the whole of Wales should be reduced to its fair share of the planet's total ecological footprint within a generation\u00a0- taken to be by 2050, and to using ecological footprinting as a means of measuring\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Sustainable Living"","img":{"alt_text":"Ecological footprint of Wales","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.oneplanetcouncil.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Wales-footprint.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1183,"url":"https:\/\/theoneplanetlife.com\/cy\/whats-your-ecological-footprint\/","url_meta":{"origin":262,"position":1},"title":"What's your ecological footprint?","date":"11\/24\/2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Mel, a volunteer with the One Planet Centre, tells how she reduces her environmental footprint when shopping and using the internet.","rel":"","context":"In "ecological footprinting"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":235,"url":"https:\/\/theoneplanetlife.com\/cy\/what-is-one-planet-development\/","url_meta":{"origin":262,"position":2},"title":"What is one planet development?","date":"11\/24\/2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Something special is happening in Wales. 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